This page is a work in progress. I don’t necessarily agree with every viewpoint on every site here, but I’ve learned something valuable in each of these places. I’ll add items here as I think of them. Enjoy!
Scripture Journals
ESV Scripture Journals – you can take notes and reference them for the rest of your life!
Bible Apps
- YouVersion The devotional plans on this app tend to try to appeal to a wide audience, so I mostly just use this for a quick and easy Bible app. You can also easily highlight and take notes.
- Ligonier: for Apple, Android – From the ministry of R.C. Sproul.
- First5 – This is an app for women with a daily devotional on every chapter of the Bible, an online community, and study guides, which I personally review.
Documentaries
I found these very interesting and informative. Tell me if there is one you recommend!
Reformation Profiles
Calvinist
American Gospel: Christ Alone
Podcasts
- Oakhurst Baptist Church, Charlotte – My home church. I love these sermons.
- Desiring God Sermons and Devotionals from John Piper and others
- The Sword and the Trowel
Free Greek and Hebrew interlinear!
An interlinear is a must-have resource when dealing with specific word study. https://www.stepbible.org/ They even have a free course on how to use it. PS This also works amazing on a mobile phone.
Logos Bible Software – used by pastors, basic version is FREE! https://www.logos.com/get-started
Other Websites
- The Bible project – videos summarizing every book of the Bible, with free poster downloads. I don’t agree with all of their theology– take what you can from it!
- Look at an ancient scroll of Isaiah, part of the Dead Sea Scrolls.
- Gospel believing Church Search 1 https://www.9marks.org/church-search – Search for a good nearby church! Just a note that there are churches on this site and themselves here, they aren’t necessarily endorsed by 9Marks.
- Gospel believing Church Search 2 https://founders.org/church-search/
- Reformed Sage – Reformed / Biblical / theological art, coffee, mugs, stickers
- monergism.com – Articles, MP3s & Resources on the Historic Christian Faith
- https://fightcoffee.org/ – Buy your coffee here and fight human trafficking at the same time. This was started by a personal friend of mine.
- www.bestcommentaries.com – the rotten-tomatoes of Bible commentaries (bible commentary search and ratings)
- Here is a list of resources I’ve compiled to help Christians defend against secular worldviews such as Critical Theory, Social Justice, and Intersectionality
Commentaries
Highly recommended scholarly commentary sets found in libraries like GCTS, RTS, and in Bible Software. All Christian pastors/teachers/writers really should be using resources like these:
- Word Biblical Commentary
- NIV Application Commentary
- Tyndale Old/New Testament Commentaries
- New International Biblical Commentary
- New International Commentary on the Old Testament
- New American Commentary
- Baker Exegetical Commentary
- Pillar New Testament Commentary
- New International Greek Testament Commentary
- Eerdmans commentary on the bible
- Banner of Truth Commentaries
Very good ones FREE on Studylight.org:
- Expositor’s Bible Commentary
- Calvin’s Commentary on the Bible
- The Pulpit Commentaries
- Spurgeon’s Verse Expositions of the Bible
- Wesley’s Explanatory Notes
These are my recommendations on commentaries per book of the Bible. These scholars are often devoted particularly to their book of study here. These are sometimes expensive but worth the investment. NOTE: The series is abbreviated when it has already been mentioned:
- Genesis: Wenham (Word Biblical Commentary) or Sailhamer (Expositor’s Bible Commentary)
- Exodus: Enns (NIV Application Commentary)
- Leviticus: Hartley (WBC)
- Numbers: Wenham (Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries)
- Deuteronomy: McConville (AOTC ); Wright (New International Biblical Commentary)
- Joshua: Woudstra (New International Commentary on the Old Testament) or Hess (Tyndale Old Testament Commentary)
- Judges, Ruth: Block (New American Commentary)
- 1 & 2 Samuel: Bergen (NAC)
- 1 & 2 Kings: House (NAC)
- 1 Chronicles: Braun (WBC)
- 2 Chronicles: Dillard (WBC)
- Ezra and Nehemiah: Williamson (WBC)
- Esther: Baldwin (TOTC)
- Job: Andersen (TOTC)
- Psalms: Kidner (TOTC)
- Proverbs: Kidner (TOTC); Bridges (Banner of Truth)
- Ecclesiastes: Longman (NICOT)
- Song of Songs: Longman (NICOT)
- Isaiah: Oswalt (NICOT)
- Jeremiah: Thompson (NICOT)
- Jeremiah & Lamentations: Harrison (TOTC)
- Ezekiel: Allen (WBC)
- Daniel: Baldwin (TOTC); Longman (NIVAC)
- Minor Prophets: McComiskey (3 volumes; superb)
- Matthew: D.A. Carson (EBC)
- Mark: Lane (New International Commentary on the New Testament)
- Luke: Bock (Baker Exegetical Commentary)
- John: Carson (Pillar New Testament Commentary)
- Acts: Longenecker (EBC)
- Romans: Moo (NICNT); Schreiner (BEC); Murray (Eerdmans)
- 1 Corinthians: Fee (NICNT)
- 2 Corinthians: Barnett (NICNT)
- Galatians: Longenecker (Word)
- Ephesians: Bruce (NICNT), Lincoln (WBC)
- Philippians: O’Brien (New International Greek Testament Commentary)
- Colossians/Philemon: O’Brien (WBC)
- 1 & 2 Thessalonians: Bruce (WBC)
- Pastoral Epistles: Mounce (WBC)
- Hebrews: Ellingworth (NIGTC)
- James: Moo (PNTC)
- 1 Peter: Grudem (Tyndale New Testament Commentary)
- 2 Peter and Jude: Baukham (WBC); Moo (NIVAC)
- Johannine Epistles: Kruse (PNTC); Stott (TNTC)
- Revelation: Beale (NIGTC)
These are NT recommendations by Dr. Thomas R. Schreiner:
“It is best to have several commentaries on each book of the Bible. Rather than purchasing sets of commentaries, I’d generally recommend the best volumes on each book. Some of the commentaries listed below are excellent in some respects, but argue for critical views that are unpersuasive. Commentaries with an asterisk (*) require a knowledge of the Greek text. For those who want help with Greek syntax and such, see the series Exegetical Guide to the Greek New Testamentpublished by Broadman & Holman and the Baylor Handbook on the Greek New Testament published by Baylor University Press. Finally, this list is arbitrary in the sense that it is personal, and I recommend what I think are the best commentaries for pastors to consult.” – Thomas R. Schreiner. https://www.9marks.org/article/recommended-new-testament-commentaries-for-evangelical-pastors/
- MATTHEW
- D. A. Carson, EBC: clear first choice for pastors since it is exegetically and theologically rich
- R. T. France, TNTC: a shorter treatment that is helpful
- R. T. France, NICNT: a longer exposition than TNTC and excellent as well
- C. Blomberg, NAC: a shorter but helpful commentary for pastors
- M. Wilkins, NIVAC: a clear exposition that is brief but helpful for application
- * D. Turner, BECNT: a very useful work
- * G. Osborne, ZEC: a helpful exposition of the Greek text
- * D. Hagner, WBC, 2 vols: a helpful commentary on the Greek text, more accessible than Davies and Allison
- * W. D. Davies and D.C. Allison, ICC, 3 vols: massive and technical Greek commentary
- * U. Luz, HERM, 3 vols: a careful and massive commentary, with a focus on history of interpretation
- MARK
- R. T. France, NIGTC: a careful exegesis of the Greek text, the most accessible Greek text treatment for pastors
- W. Lane, NICNT: an excellent exegesis of the English text. Highly recommended for the pastor and scholar
- J. Edwards, PNTC: a helpful and clear exposition for pastors
- M. Strauss, ZEC: a very clear exposition of the Greek text, one of the best for pastors
- E. Schnabel, TNTC: helpful for pastors and students
- * M. Hooker, BNTC: a shorter commentary that is accessible to pastors
- * D. Garland, NIVAC: a solid exposition of Mark
- * R. Stein, BECNT: a helpful exegesis of the Greek text
- * R. H. Gundry: a massive commentary for the student engaging in technical research
- * R. Guelich and C. Evans, WBC, 2 vols: a Greek text commentary for technical research
- * A. Collins, HERM: technical Greek text commentary from a critical standpoint
- J. Marcus, AB, 2 vols: technical commentary for scholars from a critical standpoint
- LUKE
- R. H. Stein, NAC: a lucid and clear commentary for pastors and scholars
- * D. Bock, BECNT, 2 vols: a massive commentary
- * I. H. Marshall, NIGTC: a careful treatment of the Greek text by a well-known evangelical
- * J. Nolland, WBC, 3 vols: a massive Greek text exposition for those engaged in technical research
- J. Edwards, PNTC: a helpful exposition for pastors
- T. R. Schreiner, ESVEC: one I mainly agree with
- J. Fitzmyer, AB, 2 vols: a careful exegesis that is invaluable for interpreting Luke
- J. Green, NICNT: a useful exposition
- L. Johnson, SP: a clear exposition by a Roman Catholic scholar.
- * D. Garland, ZEC: a very clear exegesis of the Greek text
- * F. Bovon, HERM, 3 vols, technical commentary from a critical standpoint
- JOHN
- D. A. Carson, PNTC: the first choice for pastors, exegetically and theologically rich
- L. Morris, NICNT: a thorough and reverent exposition of the English text by a well-known evangelical
- H. N. Ridderbos, Eerdmans: theologically insightful
- C. K. Barrett, Westminster: an excellent exposition by a famous British scholar
- C. Kruse, TNTC: a solid exposition for pastors
- M. Thompson, NTL: a clear exposition
- * G. R. Beasley-Murray, WBC: a fine treatment of the Greek text
- * E. Klink, ZEC: a clear exposition of the Greek text
- R. E. Brown, AB, 2 vols: a careful exposition by the renowned Roman Catholic scholar from a critical standpoint
- ACTS
- P. Schreiner, CSC: my favorite Acts commentary
- F. F. Bruce, NICNT: a lucid commentary by a famous NT scholar
- D. Bock, BECNT: an excellent and clear commentary. The best Greek commentary for pastors
- * C. K. Barrett, ICC, 2 vols: a technical commentary for research purposes
- I. Howard Marshall, TNTC: a brief exposition for the pastors and scholars
- D. Peterson, PNTC: an outstanding commentary for pastors and teachers
- A. Fernando, NIVAC: a clear exposition with helpful application to today’s world
- C. Keener, Baker, 4 vols: an amazing piece of work for detailed study
- J. Fitzmyer, AB: a concise and clear commentary from a well-known scholar
- * E. Schnabel, ZEC: a clear exposition of the Greek
- * D. Garland, TTC: always clear and helpful
- ROMANS
- D. Moo, 2nd ed, NICNT: a careful and theologically astute exposition
- * T. R. Schreiner, 2nd ed, BECNT: I find myself agreeing with this work often
- J. Murray, published by P & R: Murray’s commentary is still worth reading today, especially for its theological depth
- C. Kruse, PNTC, a clear and lucid exposition.
- * C. E. B. Cranfield, ICC, 2 vols: a technical but outstanding commentary on Romans, with rich theological insights
- J. Stott: a meaty exposition with application to today from a famous preacher
- M. Bird, SOGBC: a very clear and applicable exposition
- D. Peterson, EBTC: a very clear English exposition
- A. Hultgren, Eerdmans: a clear exposition
- * J. D. G. Dunn, WBC, 2 vols: a commentary from an exponent of “the new perspective” on Paul
- J. A. Fitzmyer, AB: a brief commentary, including interaction with the church fathers, by a famous Roman Catholic scholar
- P. Stuhlmacher: a helpful brief exposition of Romans from a famous German NT scholar
- * R. Longenecker, NIGTC: a technical commentary on the Greek text
- * F. Thielman, ZEC: a helpful and clear commentary on the Greek text
- 1 CORINTHIANS
- G. Fee, NICNT: a good exposition of the letter with attention paid to its relevance for today
- * D. Garland, BECNT: a solid exposition of the Greek text
- * A. Thiselton, NIGTC: a massive and technical commentary for research purposes
- T. R. Schreiner, TNTC: a commentary for pastors and students
- C. Blomberg, NIVAC: a helpful exposition that applies 1 Cor. to today
- * R. Ciampa and B. Rosner, PNTC: a very helpful and clear exposition
- R. Hays, Int: a fine brief exposition
- B. Witherington, Eerdmans: a social scientific and rhetorical commentary
- J. Fitzmyer, AB: excellent scholarship by the well-known Catholic scholar
- * P. Gardner, ZEC: a good commentary on the Greek text
- 2 CORINTHIANS
- S. Hafemann, NIVAC: exegetically clear with application to today
- P. Barnett, NICNT: a useful exposition of the letter
- D. Garland, CSC: an excellent and lucid commentary on the text
- * M. J. Harris, NIGTC: a technical but excellent commentary on the Greek text
- C. Kruse, TNTC: very clear exposition
- V. Furnish, AB: an insightful and very detailed interpretation of the letter
- P. Hughes, NICNT: this older version of the NICNT is still helpful and insightful
- F. Matera, NTL: a solid commentary by a Roman Catholic scholar
- * R. P. Martin, WBC: a technical but clear exposition of the letter
- * M. Thrall, ICC, 2 vols: a technical commentary for research purposes
- * G. Guthrie: BECNT: an excellent commentary on the Greek text
- GALATIANS
- T. George, CSC: an excellent theological exposition, with a focus on the history of interpretation
- * F. F. Bruce, NIGTC: a technical but meaty exposition from a famous scholar
- * R. Longenecker, WBC: a technical Greek commentary on Galatians
- A. Das, CC: a very fine commentary by a conservative Lutheran
- D. deSilva, NICNT: a fine commentary with an English exposition
- C. Keener, Baker: a helpful exposition
- * D. Moo, BECNT: a very fine work of careful scholarship by one of the outstanding commentators today
- * T. R. Schreiner, ZEC: a family favorite
- G. Fee, PC: a fresh and clear exposition
- J. D. G. Dunn, BNTC: an interesting exposition from an advocate of “the new perspective”
- J. L. Martyn, AB: a massive study from a scholar who interprets Galatians from the perspective of “apocalyptic”
- M. DeBoer, NTL: a provocative commentary from an apocalyptic perspective
- * H. D. Betz, HERM: a technical commentary for research purposes
- EPHESIANS
- C. Campbell, PNTC: a forthcoming commentary
- * H. Hoehner: a massive and technical commentary that defends Pauline authorship
- * A. Lincoln, WBC: an excellent technical commentary, though he rejects Pauline authorship
- * F. Thielman, BECNT: an excellent commentary on the Greek text
- D. Bock, TNTC: a brief exposition
- L. Cohick, NICNT: a clear exposition
- * E. Best, ICC: a technical commentary that should be consulted, though he rejects Pauline authorship
- * C. Arnold, ZEC: a clear and helpful commentary for pastors
- * S. M. Baugh, EEC: a very helpful commentary on the Greek text
- S. Fowl, NTL: a theological exposition
- PHILIPPIANS
- * M. Silva, BECNT: an insightful brief exposition
- G. Fee, NICNT: a clear and excellent commentary from this well-known scholar
- * G. Hawthorne, ed. by R. P. Martin, WBC: helpful Greek exegesis
- F. Thielman, NIVAC: an outstanding exposition for pastors
- M. Bockmuehl, BNTC: a helpful exposition
- L. Cohick, SOGBC: a clear exposition
- J. Reumann, AB: a thorough exposition and technical work for scholars
- * M. Keown, EEC, 2 vols: exposition of the Greek text for technical research
- * P. Holloway, HERM: a technical commentary on the Greek text for research purposes
- COLOSSIANS & PHILEMON
- D. Moo, PNTC: an outstanding exposition for pastors
- D. Garland, NIVAC: a fine exposition for pastors
- * J. D. G. Dunn, NIGTC: a technical and helpful interpretation of the letter
- N. T. Wright, TNTC: a brief and insightful commentary from a famous British scholar
- * M. J. Harris, EGGNT: a technical commentary to help students with the Greek text
- * E. Lohse, HERM: a technical and critical commentary from a German NT scholar
- M. Barth and H. Blanke, AB, Colossians: a helpful exposition
- M. Barth and H. Blanke, ECC, Philemon: a fine exposition
- J. Fitzmyer, AB, Philemon: a very fine work
- * D. Pao, ZEC: an excellent exposition of the Greek text
- * R. McL. Wilson, ICC: a critical Greek text commentary on Colossians for research purposes
- S. McKnight, NICNT: a helpful exposition of Philemon and Colossians in two separate volumes
- * G. Beale, BECNT: a careful study of the Greek text
- M. Bird, NCCS: a clear exposition
- 1 & 2 THESSELONIANS
- G. K. Beale, NTC: the best non-technical commentary for pastors
- G. Green, PNTC: a useful exposition of the letters
- * C. Wanamaker, NIGTC: a technical and helpful exposition
- G. Fee, NICNT: a sparkling and clear exposition of the letters
- I. H. Marshall, NCB: a brief and insightful exposition of the letters
- E. Best, Harper/BNTC: a thorough investigation of various exegetical options
- * S. Kim, WBC: an excellent commentary based on the Greek text
- A. Malherbe, AB: a fine commentary by an expert in Hellenistic literature
- * J. Weima, BECNT: an excellent commentary on the Greek text
- * G. Shogren, ZEC: an exposition of the Greek text
- N. Gupta, NCCS: a clear exposition
- PASTORAL EPISTLES
- * W. Mounce, WBC: a technical and conservative exposition of the pastorals
- * G. Knight, NIGTC: a technical commentary of the pastorals from a defender of Pauline authorship
- P. Towner, NICNT: a useful exposition
- R. Yarbrough, PNTC: a very helpful exposition for pastors and students
- A. Köstenberger, EBTC: a clear exposition of the text which is useful for pastors
- G. Fee, NIBC: a brief commentary for the busy pastor
- J. N. D. Kelly, BNTC: a bit longer than Fee, with many insights
- * I. H. Marshall, ICC: a massive and technical commentary that is very learned, though he rejects Pauline authorship
- L. T. Johnson, AB: a helpful commentary from this Roman Catholic scholar who accepts Pauline authorship
- J. Quinn and W. Wacker, ECC, 1 and 2 Timothy: a helpful exposition
- J. Quinn, AB, Titus: a helpful exposition
- R. Collins, NTL: English exposition of the text by a scholar who rejects Pauline authorship
- HEBREWS
- * W. Lane, WBC, 2 vols: a technical but helpful commentary on Hebrews
- F. F. Bruce, NICNT: a clear exposition of the letter
- * P. Ellingworth, NIGTC: technical detail is supplied, but it is hard to see the big picture
- G. Guthrie, NIVAC: lucid exposition with application to today’s world
- P. Hughes, Eerdmans: a theologically astute exposition from a Reformed standpoint
- T. R. Schreiner, EBTC: read often in our household
- D. A. Hagner, NIBC: a brief and insightful interpretation for the busy pastor
- G. Cockerill, NICNT: an outstanding and helpful commentary from an Arminian perspective
- L. Johnson, NTL: a stimulating and fresh look
- D. deSilva, Eerdmans: a helpful exposition
- * H. Attridge, HERM: a technical work for research purposes
- C. Koester, AB: a detailed investigation for research purposes
- JAMES
- D. Moo, PNTC and TNTC: a careful interpretation with attention to the theology of the letter. The best choice for pastors
- * P. Davids, NIGTC: a technical but helpful interpretation of James by a Roman Catholic scholar
- * C. Blomberg & M. Kammel, ZEC: a fine treatment
- S. Laws, Harper: a lucid exegesis of the letter
- * R. Martin, WBC: a technical exposition of the letter
- * D. McCartney, BECNT: a very fine exposition of the Greek text
- L. T. Johnson, AB: an insightful commentary from a Roman Catholic scholar
- S. McKnight, NICNT: a fine exposition
- * D. Allison, ICC: technical commentary for research purposes
- 1 PETER
- T. R. Schreiner, CSC: preferred by my grandchildren
- W. Grudem, TNTC: a helpful brief exposition for busy pastors
- P. Davids, NICNT: a brief but useful, lucid exposition of 1 Peter
- * P. Achtemeier, HERM: an outstanding technical interpretation of the letter—the best Greek text commentary in my judgment
- * K. Jobes, BECNT: a solid exposition of the Greek text
- * J. R. Michaels, WBC: a technical and interesting interpretation of the letter
- L. Goppelt, Eerdmans: an insightful and theologically deep commentary
- J. Elliott, AB: a massive but clear and lucid commentary
- R. Feldmeier, Baylor: an interesting treatment
- I. Marshall, NTC: a fine exposition
- 2 PETER/JUDE
- M. Green, TNTC: a good commentary for the busy pastor
- * R. Bauckham, WBC: a technical but enormously useful commentary—the best on 2 Peter and Jude, though he denies Petrine authorship
- P. Davids, PNTC: exposition of the English text by a Roman Catholic scholar
- T. R. Schreiner, CSC: another one of my favorites
- D. J. Moo, NIVAC: solid exegesis and theology, with application for today
- J. N. D. Kelly, Harper: a very helpful and clear exposition
- * G. Green, BECNT: an interpretation of the Greek text
- J. Neyrey, AB: a social scientific work for research purposes
- * H. Batemann, EEC, Jude: a bit idiosyncratic
- J. Frey, Baylor: a gifted historical critical scholar, for research purposes
- JOHANNINE EPISTLES
- C. Kruse, PNTC: a very helpful exposition of the letters
- * R. Yarbrough, BECNT: a very fine exposition of the Greek text. Highly recommended for pastors
- * S. S. Smalley, WBC: an insightful exposition of the Greek text
- J. Stott, TNTC: reliable as always and accessible to the busy pastor
- I. H. Marshall, NICNT: a clear and brief exposition for the busy pastor
- * K. Jobes, ZEC: a good exposition of the Greek text
- * G. Derickson, EEC: an exposition of the Greek text
- G. Burge, NIVAC: a fine exposition
- C. Campbell, SOGBC: a clear exposition
- M. Thompson, NTC: a clear exposition of the English text
- * G. Strecker, HERM: technical study of the letters for research purposes
- R. E. Brown, AB: a massive commentary by a famous Roman Catholic scholar—for technical research
- REVELATION
- R. Mounce, NICNT: an excellent interpretation of the book
- * G. Beale, NIGTC: a massive and learned commentary from an amillennial perspective
- G. Beale, Eerdmans: see also his shorter commentary which is more accessible to pastors
- S. S. Smalley, Eerdmans: a helpful English commentary
- G. Ladd, Eerdmans: a lucid interpretation from the historical premillennial viewpoint
- G. B. Caird, Harper: a provocative and helpful interpretation
- * D. Aune, WBC, 3 vols: excellent on background, but lacking theologically
- D. Johnson, Presbyterian and Reformed: a helpful and clear exposition for busy pastors from an amillennial perspective
- J. Hamilton, Crossway: a very helpful exposition from a premillennial standpoint
- T. R. Schreiner, vol. 12 in ESVEC: a work for pastors and students
- G. Fee, NCCS: always clear and stimulating
- I. Paul, TNTC: a clear exposition
- * R. Thomas, WEC, 2 vols: a thorough commentary from the dispensational premillennial viewpoint
- * G. Osborne, BECNT: a clear exposition from the premillennial perspective
- C. Koester, AB: an excellent but more technical exposition
- * B. Fanning, ZEC: exposition of the Greek text from a dispensational perspective
- I. Boxall, BNTC: a clear exposition
- J. Thomas and F. Macchia, THNTC: a helpful exposition
- * * * * *
- KEY
- AB=Anchor Bible;
- BECNT=Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament;
- BNTC=Black’s New Testament Commentary;
- CC=Concordia Commentary;
- CSC=Christian Standard Commentary;
- EBC=Expositor’s Bible Commentary;
- EBTC=Evangelical Biblical Theology Commentary;
- EEC=Evangelical Exegetical Commentary;
- EGGNT=Exegetical Guide to the Greek New Testament;
- ESVEC: English Standard Version Expository Commentary;
- Harper=HNTC;
- HERM=Hermeneia;
- Int=Interpretation;
- ICC=International Critical Commentary;
- ITC=International Theological Commentary;
- NAC=New American Commentary;
- NCB=New Century Bible;
- NCCS=New Covenant Commentary Series;
- NIBC=New International Biblical Commentary;
- NICNT=New International Commentary on the New Testament;
- NIGTC=New International Greek Testament Commentary;
- NIVAC=New International Version Application Commentary;
- NTC=New Testament Commentary;
- NTL=New Testament Library;
- PNTC=Pillar New Testament Commentary;
- SOGBC; Story of God Bible Commentary;
- SP=Sacra Pagina;
- THNTC=Two Horizons New Testament Commentary;
- TNTC=Tyndale New Testament Commentaries;
- TTC=Teach the Text;
- WBC=Word Biblical Commentary;
- ZEC=Zondervan Exegetical Commentary
- By Thomas R. Schreiner